What does it mean to be human when technologies can read, influence, and potentially manipulate the brain? That is the question Dr. James Giordano pushes us to confront in his 2025 BEI Winter School lecture on the convergence of neuroscience and emerging technologies. A professor at Georgetown University Medical Center and a leading voice in neuroethics, Dr. Giordano has spent his career examining how advances in brain science can be used and misused, including in military and national security contexts. His lecture challenges what we think we know about cognition, agency, and control, while raising urgent questions about ethical oversight in an era of dual-use innovation. Watch the full lecture here.